022- DHCP

DHCP( Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ) 

• DHCP  is a network configuration protocol for hosts on Internet Protocol (IP) networks, It used to configure IP ADDRESS, Default Gateway, Prefix, DNS and other information into client.
• DHCP was first defined as a standards protocol (RFC 1531 in October 1993, modified version  in 1997 RFC 2131 ), as an enhancement to the BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol, RFC 951).
• BOOTP required manual intervention to add configuration information for each client, and did not provide a mechanism for reclaiming IP addresses.
•  The BOOTP protocol itself was first defined in as a replacement for the Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP). The primary reason  for replacing RARP with BOOTP was that RARP was a data link layer protocol. Which introduced difficulties in  implementation on many server platforms, and required that a server be present on each individual network link.
• BOOTP introduced the innovation of a relay agent, which allowed the forwarding of BOOTP packets off the local network using standard IP routing, thus one central BOOTP server could serve hosts on many IP subnets.
• DHCPv6  (RFC 3315) added a DHCPv6 mechanism for prefix delegation. DHCPv6 ( RFC 3633) was further extended to provide configuration information to clients configured using stateless address autoconfiguration in RFC 3736.
• DHCP & BOOTP uses the two ports assigned by IANA
  • Destination UDP port 67 for sending data to the server, and 
  • UDP port 68 for data to the client.
• DHCP operations is fours step process: 
• IP discovery, 
• IP lease offer, 
• IP request, and
• IP lease acknowledgement.

NOTE: Initially DHCP clients and servers on the same subnet communicate via UDP broadcasts.Whereas Clients requesting renewal of an existing lease may communicate directly via UDP unicast, since the client already has an valid IP address at that point.


After the client obtains an IP address, the client may use the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) to prevent IP conflicts caused by overlapping address pools of DHCP servers. Here special type of ping packet is used called as Gratuitous ping.

Other information exchanged using DHCP  

 

DHCP information 

The client may also request repeat data for a particular application. For example, browsers use DHCP Inform to obtain web proxy settings via WPAD. Such queries do not cause the DHCP server to refresh the IP expiry time in its database.

 

DHCP releasing The client can sends a request to the DHCP server to release the DHCP information and the client deactivates its IP address.

 

Client configuration parameters in DHCP
A DHCP server can provide optional configuration parameters to the client. RFC 2132 describes the available DHCP options defined by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) - DHCP and BOOTP PARAMETERS.

A DHCP client can select, manipulate and overwrite parameters provided by a DHCP server.

 

Options An option exists to identify the vendor and functionality of a DHCP client. DHCP client can communicate to the server that it is using a certain type of hardware or firmware is to set a value in its DHCP requests called the Vendor Class Identifier (VCI) (Option 60). Which allows a DHCP server to differentiate between the two kinds of client machines and process the requests from the two types of modems appropriately. The value set using this option give the DHCP server a hint about any required extra information that this client needs in a DHCP response.

023- Converting Autonomous AP to Lightweight Cisco

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Upgrading IOS on Cisco AIR AP

METHOD I: Using GUI

• Open a browser and type http: // ip address of AP 
• On home page click SYSTEM SOFTWARE, select SOFTWARE UPGRADE
• you will get two option namely
• HTTP upgrade
• TFTP upgrade
• For TFTP upgrade, enter TFTP server ip address, specify the name of IOS file name, click UPGRADE button. This show status window and will take up few minute. AP will reboot once the upgrade is completed.

METHOD 2: Using CLI

• Login into AP using Telnet / SSH or Hyper terminal
• Type following commands : If you want to overwrite existing image
  archive download-sw /overwrite /reload  tftp:  / /location/image-name
  eg.archive download-sw /overwrite /reload  tftp : / /10.10.10.10 / c1240-k9w7-tar.124-10b.JA3.tar

OR

Type following command: If you want to keep existig ios
archive download-sw /leave-old-sw /reload tftp://location/image-name

   

METHOD 3:Using CiscoAironet-AP-to-LWAPP-upgrade-tool

Steps to UPGRADING authnomous AP to Lightweight AP
[ For AP MODEL : AIR-AP1231G-A-K9]
• Before upgrade make sure that domain name [say xyz. Com] and dns server is entered in AP.
• ping cisco-lwapp-controller.xyx.com
• Create text file with following text
[ip-address-of-ap],[login-name],[login-password],[Privilege-mode-password]


• Open Upgrade Tool v3.4

Details to be filled in Upgrade tool:
1. give the path of IP File
2. select radio use upgrade tool TFTP server
3. provide the path of LWAP image
C:\ Program Files\Cisco Systems\Upgrade Tool\images\c1200-rcvk9w8-tar.123-7.JX9.tar
4. System IP Addr: IP address of host where Upgrade tool is installed
5. Controller Details: specify ip address, login details of primary controller
6. Add DNS address and domain name
7. Click START


• Once image is downloaded successfuly AP will reboot and link to the Primary controller.
• Login in to controller and search for AP under Wireless TAB. It might register with mac address.
• Edit the details of AP such as ip address, hostname, county code in WLC






NOTE: to link light weigh ap to WLC we can use following command on AP

AP# lwapp ap ip address [IP address] [subnet mask]
AP# lwapp ap ip default-gateway [IP-address]
AP# lwapp ap controller ip address [IP-address]
AP# lwapp ap [hostname name]


To clear the manually entered controller information, use following commands:
clear lwapp ap ip address
clear lwapp ip default-gateway
clear lwapp controller ip address
clear lwapp ap hostname


 To reset AP manualy to default
 clear lwapp private-config

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